Organizations should report on sustainability for several reasons, includingtransparency, stakeholder expectations, and competitive advantage. Below is the evaluation of each option:

A. True– Reporting on sustainabilitydemonstrates transparency and accountability, allowing companies to disclose theirenvironmental, social, and governance (ESG) impacts​.

B. True–Stakeholders, including investors, customers, and regulators,increasingly demand sustainability reportingto assess the long-term viability of a company​.

C. False– While sustainability reporting may contribute tolong-term financial gains, it doesnot guarantee immediate financial benefits​.

D. True– Companies withstrong sustainability performanceoften enjoyenhanced brand value and competitive advantage, attracting investors and customers who prefer sustainable businesses​.

Why Sustainability Reporting MattersBenefit

Impact on Organization

Transparency & Accountability

Builds trust with investors, regulators, and the public

Stakeholder Expectations

Meets regulatory and customer expectations for ESG disclosures

Brand & Competitive Advantage

Companies with strong ESG performance are more attractive to investors

Regulatory Compliance

Helps meet CSRD and ESRS disclosure obligations

CSRD & ESRS Guidance (2024)– Key Sustainability Reporting Benefits​.

EU Platform on Sustainable Finance Report (2025)– Stakeholder Expectations & Competitive Advantage​.

Official References:

Inline XBRL (iXBRL)is the digital reporting format required under theCorporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD)to ensure standardized and machine-readable sustainability reporting.

It is required under CSRD for sustainability reporting

TheCSRD mandates the use of Inline XBRLfor sustainability reports, ensuring digital tagging for structured data submission, making informationeasier to analyze by regulators and investors​.

✅(A) is correct

It only applies to narrative disclosures, not numerical data

Incorrect.Inline XBRL applies to both numerical data (KPIs, metrics) and narrative disclosures, allowingstructured reporting across qualitative and quantitative sustainability information​.

❌(B) is incorrect

It makes reports both human-readable and machine-readable

True. Inline XBRL embeds machine-readable tags into a human-readable document, ensuringboth usability and compliance with digital reporting requirements​.

✅(C) is correct

It ensures that tags are embedded within a visually clear format

Correct. TheInline XBRL standard ensures that the digital tags do not alter the visual presentation of the report, maintaining clarity for human readers while allowing structured data extraction​.

✅(D) is correct

Conclusion:Inline XBRLis required under CSRD (A), makes reports both human-readable and machine-readable (C), and ensures a visually clear format (D). However, it applies to both narrative and numerical data, making (B) incorrect.

Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/2772​

Compilation Explanations January - July 2024​

Official References:

ESRS 2 is a cross-cutting, sector-agnostic standard (Option A)

ESRS 2 appliesto all undertakings, regardless of sector or industry.

It establishesgeneral disclosuresthat cover governance, strategy, materiality, risks, and sustainability metrics​.

Certain ESRS 2 disclosure requirements are subject to a phase-in period (Option C)

Some disclosure requirements have been phased infor companies with fewer than 750 employees, allowing gradual adoption​.

For instance, disclosures related tobiodiversity (ESRS E4), workforce (ESRS S1-S4), and pollution (ESRS E2)can beomitted for the first 1-2 years, depending on company size​.

B. Reporting organizations don’t have to address all disclosure requirements in ESRS 2

This is incorrect becauseESRS 2 disclosures are mandatory for all reporting organizations. Only topical ESRS requirements depend on materiality assessments​.

Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/2772, ESRS 2- Defines ESRS 2 as a sector-agnostic, cross-cutting standard​.

EFRAG Compilation Explanations (January–July 2024), Appendix C- Lists ESRS 2 disclosures with phase-in provisions​.

Incorrect Answer:Official References:

TheCorporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD)replaced theNon-Financial Reporting Directive (NFRD)to address itslimitationsin scope and reporting requirements. Below are the explanations for each option:

A. False– The NFRDdid notrequire all companies in the EU to include a non-financial statement. Instead, itapplied only to large public-interest entitieswith 500 or more employees.

B. True– The NFRD applied tolarge public-interest entities, includinglisted companies, banks, and insurance firms with more than 500 employees​.

C. False– The NFRDdid not mandate external assurancefor sustainability information. TheCSRD introduced mandatory assuranceat the EU level​.

D. False– The CSRDdid not replace the NFRD; rather, itexpanded and strengthened reporting requirements. TheNFRD was replaced by the CSRD, but not the other way around​.

E. True– TheCSRD was introduced to improve the scope and depth of sustainability reportingcompared to the NFRD. Itexpanded the number of entities required to report, standardized disclosures via ESRS, and introduced third-party assurance requirements​.

Key Differences Between CSRD and NFRDFeature

NFRD (Old Directive)

CSRD (New Directive)

Scope

Large public-interest entities (500+ employees)

All large companies + listed SMEs

Assurance

Not required

Mandatory external assurance

Disclosure Requirements

Limited sustainability disclosures

Comprehensive ESRS-based reporting

Reporting Standards

No standardized framework

ESRS-based mandatory framework

Application Date

In force since 2018

Applies from 2024 onwards

CSRD Directive (EU) 2022/2464– Assurance & Reporting Provisions​.

ESRS Compilation Explanations January - November 2024​.

Official References:

Understanding Impact and Financial Materiality under ESRSTheESRS frameworkis based ondouble materiality, which comprises:

Impact Materiality– This relates to the organization’s potentialpositive or negative impactson people or the environment, irrespective of whether these impacts translate into financial effects​.

Financial Materiality– This refers to sustainability matters thataffect the company's financial position, including risks and opportunities that influence financial outcomes over theshort, medium, or long term​.

(A) False:A sustainability topic can be materialeven if it does not directly affect financial performance; it may still beimpact material​.

(D) False:Impact and financial materiality are equally importantunder ESRS. Neither is prioritized over the other​.

(E) False:TheESRS process generally begins with impact materiality, not financial materiality​.

Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/2772, Section 3.3 on Double Materiality​

EFRAG Materiality Guidance on ESRS, which provides methodologies for assessing impact and financial materiality​

Why the other options are incorrect:References: