EC-Council Certified CISO (CCISO)
Last Update Feb 15, 2026
Total Questions : 494
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The success of the Chief Information Security Officer is MOST dependent upon:
A Security Operations Center (SOC) manager is informed that a database containing highly sensitive corporate strategy information is under attack. Information has been stolen, and the database server was disconnected. Who must be informed of this incident?
Which of the following functions evaluates risk present in IT initiatives and/or systems when implementing an information security program?
After a risk assessment is performed, a particular risk is considered to have the potential of costing the organization 1.2 Million USD. This is an example of
Which of the following is a metric used for data backup and restoration metrics?
Which organizational structure blends elements of functional and project organizational models to create a hybrid reporting structure?
Which is the BEST solution to monitor, measure, and report changes to critical data in a system?
Your company has limited resources to spend on security initiatives. The Chief Financial Officer asks you to prioritize the protection of information resources based on their value to the company. It is essential that you be able to communicate in language that your fellow executives will understand. You should:
What is the first thing that needs to be completed in order to create a security program for your organization?
Which of the following is an IT governance framework that allows managers to bridge the gap between control requirements, technical issues, and business risks?
When measuring the effectiveness of an Information Security Management System which one of the following would be MOST LIKELY used as a metric framework?
SCENARIO: A Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) recently had a third party conduct an audit of the security program. Internal policies and international standards were used as audit baselines. The audit report was presented to the CISO and a variety of high, medium and low rated gaps were identified.
After determining the audit findings are accurate, which of the following is the MOST logical next activity?
What framework of rules and practices is used by a Board of Directors to provide accountability, fairness, and transparency in the organization’s interactions with its shareholders?
Which of the following terms is defined as the friction or opposition resulting from actual or perceived differences or incompatibilities?
Within an organization’s vulnerability management program, who has the responsibility to implement remediation actions?
Acceptable levels of information security risk tolerance in an organization should be determined by?
The remediation of a specific audit finding is deemed too expensive and will not be implemented. Which of the following is a TRUE statement?
What type of control is used when assigning information assurance requirements to an independent security group?
The ability to hold intruders accountable in a court of law is important. Which of the following activities are needed to ensure the highest possibility for successful prosecution?
Which of the following provides the BEST software risk remediation methods?
Which of the following would negatively impact a log analysis of a multinational organization?
Scenario: You are the CISO and have just completed your first risk assessment for your organization. You find many risks with no security controls, and some risks with inadequate controls. You assign work to your staff to create or adjust existing security controls to ensure they are adequate for risk mitigation needs.
When adjusting the controls to mitigate the risks, how often should the CISO perform an audit to verify the controls?
An application vulnerability assessment has identified a security flaw in an application. This is a flaw that was previously identified and remediated on a prior release of the application. Which of the following is MOST likely the reason for this recurring issue?
An organization's Information Security Policy is of MOST importance because
The network administrator wants to strengthen physical security in the organization. Specifically, to implement a
solution stopping people from entering certain restricted zones without proper credentials. Which of following
physical security measures should the administrator use?
Which of the following should be determined while defining risk management strategies?
SCENARIO: Critical servers show signs of erratic behavior within your organization’s intranet. Initial information indicates the systems are under attack from an outside entity. As the Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), you decide to deploy the Incident Response Team (IRT) to determine the details of this incident and take action according to the information available to the team.
What phase of the response provides measures to reduce the likelihood of an incident from recurring?
The alerting, monitoring and life-cycle management of security related events is typically handled by the
A new CISO just started with a company and on the CISO's desk is the last complete Information Security Management audit report. The audit report is over two years old. After reading it, what should be the CISO's FIRST priority?
Assigning the role and responsibility of Information Assurance to a dedicated and independent security group is an example of:
The single most important consideration to make when developing your security program, policies, and processes is:
The security team has investigated the theft/loss of several unencrypted laptop computers containing sensitive corporate information. To prevent the loss of any additional corporate data it is unilaterally decided by the CISO that all existing and future laptop computers will be encrypted. Soon, the help desk is flooded with complaints about the slow performance of the laptops and users are upset. What did the CISO do wrong? (choose the BEST answer):
Scenario: Your program is developed around minimizing risk to information by focusing on people, technology, and operations.
You have decided to deal with risk to information from people first. How can you minimize risk to your most sensitive information before granting access?
A recent audit has identified a few control exceptions and is recommending the implementation of technology and processes to address the finding. Which of the following is the MOST likely reason for the organization to reject the implementation of the recommended technology and processes?
An organization correctly configured a Data Loss Prevention (DLP) technology. Afterward, sensitive data was found on public websites. What is the MOST likely reason for this situation?
Which of the following tests is an IS auditor performing when a sample of programs is selected to determine if the source and object versions are the same?
The PRIMARY objective for information security program development should be:
Which regulation or policy governs protection of personally identifiable user data gathered during a cyber investigation?
The amount of risk an organization is willing to accept in pursuit of its mission is known as
Which of the following represents the best method of ensuring business unit alignment with security program requirements?
Which of the following represents the BEST method for obtaining business unit acceptance of security controls within an organization?
A recent audit has identified control exceptions and recommends implementing technology and processes to remediate the finding. Which of the following is the MOST likely reason for the organization to reject the recommendation?
You have purchased a new insurance policy as part of your risk strategy. Which of the following risk strategy options have you engaged in?
You manage a newly created Security Operations Center (SOC), your team is being inundated with security alerts and don’t know what to do. What is the BEST approach to handle this situation?
In terms of supporting a forensic investigation, it is now imperative that managers, first-responders, etc., accomplish the following actions to the computer under investigation:
Effective information security management programs require the active involvement of_________
A system is designed to dynamically block offending Internet IP-addresses from requesting services from a secure website. This type of control is considered
When selecting a security solution with reoccurring maintenance costs after the first year, the CISO should: (choose the BEST answer)
What is a key policy that should be part of the information security plan?
An organization has implemented a change management process for all changes to the IT production environment. This change management process follows best practices and is expected to help stabilize the availability and integrity of the organization’s IT environment. Which of the following can be used to measure the effectiveness of this newly implemented process:
The process of creating a system which divides documents based on their security level to manage access to private data is known as
SCENARIO: A CISO has several two-factor authentication systems under review and selects the one that is most sufficient and least costly. The implementation project planning is completed and the teams are ready to implement the solution. The CISO then discovers that the product it is not as scalable as originally thought and will not fit the organization’s needs.
The CISO is unsure of the information provided and orders a vendor proof of concept to validate the system’s scalability. This demonstrates which of the following?
What is defined as the friction or opposition resulting from actual or perceived differences or incompatibilities?
Your company has a “no right to privacy” notice on all logon screens for your information systems and users sign an Acceptable Use Policy informing them of this condition. A peer group member and friend comes to you and requests access to one of her employee’s email account. What should you do? (choose the BEST answer):
An organization licenses and uses personal information for business operations, and a server containing that information has been compromised. What kind of law would require notifying the owner or licensee of this incident?
Which of the following is the MAIN security concern for public cloud computing?
Creating a secondary authentication process for network access would be an example of?
During a cyber incident, which of the following non-security personnel will MOST likely be required to assist the incident response team?
Which of the following is the MOST important action of an Information Security Steering Committee?
As the Risk Manager of an organization, you are task with managing vendor risk assessments. During the assessment, you identified that the vendor is engaged with high profiled clients, and bad publicity can jeopardize your own brand.
Which is the BEST type of risk that defines this event?
A consultant is hired to do physical penetration testing at a large financial company. In the first day of his
assessment, the consultant goes to the company’s building dressed like an electrician and waits in the lobby for
an employee to pass through the main access gate, then the consultant follows the employee behind to get into
the restricted area. Which type of attack did the consultant perform?
Which of the following is the MOST important reason to measure the effectiveness of an Information Security Management System (ISMS)?
Controls that were implemented to correct prior audit findings are insufficient. Before adjusting controls, what original document should be reviewed?
Who is responsible for oversight of an information security program within an organization?
Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology (COBIT) is which of the following?
What can you do to assist with law enforcement investigations if someone on your guest wireless network is suspected of committing an illegal act using your network?
Which of the following activities is the MAIN purpose of the risk assessment process?
You are evaluating an audit report and notice it only contains lists of findings and technical diagrams. What additional component should be integrated?
If a Virtual Machine’s (VM) data is being replicated and that data is corrupted, this corruption will automatically
be replicated to the other machine(s). What would be the BEST control to safeguard data integrity?
What enterprise architecture framework is business-centric and composed of eight phases?
Which of the following terms is used to describe the unexpected expansion of project deliverables?
In MOST organizations which group periodically reviews network intrusion detection system logs for all systems as part of their daily tasks?
A cloud computing environment that is bound together by technology that allows data and applications to be shared between public and private clouds is BEST referred to as a?
Which of the following is considered to be an IT governance framework and a supporting toolset that allows for managers to bridge the gap between control requirements, technical issues, and business risks?
A business unit within your organization intends to deploy a new technology in a manner that places it in violation of existing information security standards. What immediate action should the information security manager take?
When analyzing and forecasting an operating expense budget what are not included?
At which point should the identity access management team be notified of the termination of an employee?
Michael starts a new job and discovers that he has unnecessary access to a variety of systems. Which of the
following best describes the problem he has encountered?
Which of the following is the MAIN reason to follow a formal risk management process in an organization that hosts and uses privately identifiable information (PII) as part of their business models and processes?
What is the BEST way to achieve on-going compliance monitoring in an organization?
When considering using a vendor to help support your security devices remotely, what is the BEST choice for allowing access?
When you develop your audit remediation plan what is the MOST important criteria?
You have implemented a new security control. Which of the following risk strategy options have you engaged in?
An IT auditor has recently discovered that because of a shortage of skilled operations personnel, the security administrator has agreed to work one late night shift a week as the senior computer operator. The most appropriate course of action for the IT auditor is to:
When gathering security requirements for an automated business process improvement program, which of the following is MOST important?
Which of the following methodologies references the recommended industry standard that Information security project managers should follow?
The newly appointed CISO of an organization is reviewing the IT security strategic plan. Which of the following is the MOST important component of the strategic plan?
Which of the following functions implements and oversees the use of controls to reduce risk when creating an information security program?
An organization has decided to develop an in-house BCM capability. The organization has determined it is best to follow a BCM standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
The BEST ISO standard to follow that outlines the complete lifecycle of BCM is?
An organization has defined a set of standard security controls. This organization has also defined the circumstances and conditions in which they must be applied. What is the NEXT logical step in applying the controls in the organization?
Human resource planning for security professionals in your organization is a:
Which of the following is the MOST important benefit of an effective security governance process?
When an organization claims it is secure because it is PCI-DSS certified, what is a good first question to ask towards assessing the effectiveness of their security program?
Scenario: Your organization employs single sign-on (user name and password only) as a convenience to your employees to access organizational systems and data. Permission to individual systems and databases is vetted and approved through supervisors and data owners to ensure that only approved personnel can use particular applications or retrieve information. All employees have access to their own human resource information, including the ability to change their bank routing and account information and other personal details through the Employee Self-Service application. All employees have access to the organizational VPN.
Once supervisors and data owners have approved requests, information system administrators will implement
When dealing with a risk management process, asset classification is important because it will impact the overall:
Which of the following is the MOST important for a CISO to understand when identifying threats?
The mean time to patch, number of virus outbreaks prevented, and number of vulnerabilities mitigated are examples of what type of performance metrics?
Ensuring that the actions of a set of people, applications and systems follow the organization’s rules is BEST described as:
Which of the following organizations is typically in charge of validating the implementation and effectiveness of security controls?
What is the MOST likely detrimental consequence arising from an ineffective security governance program within a highly regulated organization?
Physical security measures typically include which of the following components?
What function in an organization is responsible for collecting and communicating processes to facilitate the recovery of critical functions within an organization?
You currently cannot provide for 24/7 coverage of your security monitoring and incident response duties and your company is resistant to the idea of adding more full-time employees to the payroll. Which combination of solutions would help to provide the coverage needed without the addition of more dedicated staff? (choose the best answer):
According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SP 800-40, which of the following considerations are MOST important when creating a vulnerability management program?
IT control objectives are useful to IT auditors as they provide the basis for understanding the:
Scenario: Your program is developed around minimizing risk to information by focusing on people, technology, and operations.
An effective way to evaluate the effectiveness of an information security awareness program for end users, especially senior executives, is to conduct periodic:
Scenario: Your company has many encrypted telecommunications links for their world-wide operations. Physically distributing symmetric keys to all locations has proven to be administratively burdensome, but symmetric keys are preferred to other alternatives.
How can you reduce the administrative burden of distributing symmetric keys for your employer?
What type of attack requires the least amount of technical equipment and has the highest success rate?
Which of the following results would have the MOST significant negative effect on an organization's external market image?
What is the MOST important reason to have senior leadership endorse security policies?
Smith, the project manager for a larger multi-location firm, is leading a software project team that has 18
members, 5 of which are assigned to testing. Due to recent recommendations by an organizational quality audit
team, the project manager is convinced to add a quality professional to lead to test team at additional cost to
the project.
The project manager is aware of the importance of communication for the success of the project and takes the
step of introducing additional communication channels, making it more complex, in order to assure quality
levels of the project. What will be the first project management document that Smith should change in order to
accommodate additional communication channels?
An organization has a number of Local Area Networks (LANs) linked to form a single Wide Area Network
(WAN). Which of the following would BEST ensure network continuity?
According to ISO 27001, of the steps for establishing an Information Security Governance program listed below, which comes first?
John is the project manager for a large project in his organization. A new change request has been proposed that will affect several areas of the project. One area of the project change impact is on work that a vendor has already completed. The vendor is refusing to make the changes as they’ve already completed the project work they were contracted to do. What can John do in this instance?
What is the primary reason for performing a return on investment analysis?
If your organization operates under a model of "assumption of breach", you should:
When a critical vulnerability has been discovered on production systems and needs to be fixed immediately, what is the BEST approach for a CISO to mitigate the vulnerability under tight budget constraints?
Credit card information, medical data, and government records are all examples of:
From the CISO’s perspective in looking at financial statements, the statement of retained earnings of an organization:
A security manager regualrly checks work areas after buisness hours for security violations; such as unsecured files or unattended computers with active sessions. This activity BEST demonstrates what part of a security program?
Network Forensics is the prerequisite for any successful legal action after attacks on your Enterprise Network. Which is the single most important factor to introducing digital evidence into a court of law?
As the new CISO at the company you are reviewing the audit reporting process and notice that it includes only detailed technical diagrams. What else should be in the reporting process?
As the CISO you need to write the IT security strategic plan. Which of the following is the MOST important to review before you start writing the plan?
Scenario: An organization has made a decision to address Information Security formally and consistently by adopting established best practices and industry standards. The organization is a small retail merchant but it is expected to grow to a global customer base of many millions of customers in just a few years.
This global retail company is expected to accept credit card payments. Which of the following is of MOST concern when defining a security program for this organization?
A Security Operations Centre (SOC) manager is informed that a database containing highly sensitive corporate strategy information is under attack. Information has been stolen and the database server was disconnected. Who must be informed of this incident?
Which of the following is the MOST critical to review before you create a security strategy?
What cloud computing environment allows access and use by several organizations for information sharing?
In order to improve situational awareness, there is a need to deploy technology that can give a real-time view of security events across the enterprise. Which of the following tools represents the BEST choice to achieve this awareness?
A global retail company is creating a new compliance management process. Which of the following regulations is of MOST importance to be tracked and managed by this process?
When analyzing and forecasting a capital expense budget what are not included?
Providing oversight of an information security program for the organization is the primary responsibility of which group?
Scenario: Most industries require compliance with multiple government regulations and/or industry standards to meet data protection and privacy mandates.
When multiple regulations or standards apply to your industry you should set controls to meet the:
A Security Operations (SecOps) Manager is considering implementing threat hunting to be able to make better decisions on protecting information and assets.
What is the MAIN goal of threat hunting to the SecOps Manager?
Your penetration testing team installs an in-line hardware key logger onto one of your network machines. Which of the following is of major concern to the security organization?
During a cyber incident, which non-security personnel might be needed to assist the security team?
What type of document defines the strategy, approach, and expectations within an organization?
Which of the following is a countermeasure to prevent unauthorized database access from web applications?
In accordance with best practices and international standards, how often is security awareness training provided to employees of an organization?
What is the SECOND step to creating a risk management methodology according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SP 800-30 standard?
An organization’s firewall technology needs replaced. A specific technology has been selected that is less costly than others and lacking in some important capabilities. The security officer has voiced concerns about sensitive data breaches but the decision is made to purchase. What does this selection indicate?
Scenario: An organization has made a decision to address Information Security formally and consistently by adopting established best practices and industry standards. The organization is a small retail merchant but it is expected to grow to a global customer base of many millions of customers in just a few years.
Which of the following frameworks and standards will BEST fit the organization as a baseline for their security program?
Step-by-step procedures to regain normalcy in the event of a major earthquake is PRIMARILY covered by which of the following plans?
When creating a vulnerability scan schedule, who is the MOST critical person to communicate with in order to ensure impact of the scan is minimized?
A security officer wants to implement a vulnerability scanning program. The officer is uncertain of the state of vulnerability resiliency within the organization’s large IT infrastructure. What would be the BEST approach to minimize scan data output while retaining a realistic view of system vulnerability?
When developing the Business Impact Assessment (BIA), which of the following MOST closely relates to data backup and restoration?
The new CISO was informed of all the Information Security projects that the organization has in progress. Two projects are over a year behind schedule and over budget. Using best business practices for project management you determine that the project correctly aligns with the company goals.
Which of the following needs to be performed NEXT?
The process for management approval of the security certification process which states the risks and mitigation of such risks of a given IT system is called
Who is PRIMARILY responsible for declaring a disaster and initiating processes to facilitate the recovery of critical assets in an organization?
What is the primary difference between Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS)?
Of the following, what is the MOST significant factor to consider when an organization retains sensitive customer data and leverages it to enhance the marketing of the organization’s products and services?
What is an approach to estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives used to determine options, which provide the BEST approach to achieving benefits while preserving savings called?
Which of the following reports should you as an IT auditor use to check on compliance with a service level agreement’s requirement for uptime?
The general ledger setup function in an enterprise resource package allows for setting accounting periods. Access to this function has been permitted to users in finance, the shipping department, and production scheduling. What is the most likely reason for such broad access?
Which of the following is MOST effective when mitigating social engineering risks?
Which of the following functions MUST your Information Security Governance program include for formal organizational reporting?
A security team member calls you to inform you that one of your databases might have been compromised, but there are no details available. As the security leader, what should you do?
You have been hired as the Information System Security Officer (ISSO) for a US federal government agency. Your role is to ensure the security posture of the system is maintained. One of your tasks is to develop and maintain the system security plan (SSP) and supporting documentation.
Which of the following is NOT documented in the SSP?
TESTED 15 Feb 2026
