Network Slicing Using Channelized Sub-Interfaces and FlexE

Bothchannelized sub-interfacesandFlexE (Flexible Ethernet)are used fornetwork slicing, but they have differentapplication scenarios:

✅A. Channelized sub-interface is recommended for interfaces with bandwidth < 50 Gbit/s.

Channelized sub-interfacessplit a physical interfaceinto multiple logical sub-interfaces.

Best for lower-bandwidth links (<50 Gbit/s).

✅B. FlexE is recommended for 50GE and higher-rate interfaces.

FlexEdivides a high-bandwidth physical link(e.g.,100GE, 400GE) into multiple virtual slices.

Used in high-speed backbone and data center networks.

✅C. Only FlexE-based network slicing can be deployed across OTN devices.

FlexE is compatible with Optical Transport Network (OTN)and can be used for long-haul slicing across OTN.

❌D. Only channelized sub-interface-based network slicing can be deployed across MSTP devices.

Incorrect!While MSTP supports channelized interfaces,FlexE is not restricted to MSTP deployment.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei FlexE Technology Whitepaper – Network Slicing in Transport Networks

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Channelized Sub-Interface and FlexE in Network Slicing

Correct Matching of Authentication Methods:

1️802.1X authentication→PC (GE0/0/2 on SW3)

2️MAC address authentication→IP Phone (GE0/0/3 on SW3)

3️⃣Portal authentication→Wireless Clients (Connected via SW2/AP)

Understanding Network Admission Control (NAC) Authentication Methods

????Network Admission Control (NAC)enforcessecurity policies before allowing devices onto the network.

????Different types of devices requiredifferent authentication methodsbased oncapabilities and security requirements.

Analysis of Each Authentication Type:

✅1️⃣802.1X Authentication (Used for PC on GE0/0/2 of SW3)

Best for devices that support user authentication (e.g., PCs, Laptops).

Requiressupplicant software (e.g., Windows or macOS built-in 802.1X client).

Providesstrong security using EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) over RADIUS.

✅2️⃣MAC Address Authentication (Used for IP Phone on GE0/0/3 of SW3)

Best for devices that do not support username/password authentication (e.g., IP Phones, IoT devices).

UsesMAC addresses as identity credentials.

Suitable forVoIP networks, industrial IoT, and surveillance cameras.

✅3️⃣Portal Authentication (Used for Wireless Clients on SW2/AP)

Best for guests or mobile users accessing Wi-Fi networks.

Redirects users to aweb-based login pagebefore granting access.

Used inpublic hotspots, campus Wi-Fi, and enterprise guest networks.

Why These Assignments Are Correct?

1️⃣802.1X for PC:

PCs support 802.1X authentication via supplicants (EAP-MD5, PEAP, etc.).

Ensureshigh security by verifying user credentials.

2️⃣MAC Address Authentication for IP Phone:

IP Phones lack a username/password interface, so authentication is done via MAC addresses.

Simplifies authentication while maintaining security.

3️⃣Portal Authentication for Wireless Clients:

Wireless users do not use 802.1X authentication directly; instead, they are redirected to a web login page.

Common in enterprise guest Wi-Fi and public hotspots.

Real-World Application:

Enterprise NAC Deployment:Ensuresonly authorized users and devices access the corporate network.

Campus & Hotel Wi-Fi Security:UsesPortal Authentication for guests, 802.1X for employees, and MAC-based for VoIP.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – NAC Authentication Methods & Best Practices

Understanding Huawei SD-WAN Tunneling Technologies

Huawei SD-WAN usessecure tunnelingto connect branches, data centers, and cloud services.

????Tunneling Technologies in SD-WAN:

✅IPsec (Answer B)→ Providessecure encrypted tunnelsover public or private networks.

✅GRE over IPsec (Answer D)→Encapsulates traffic inside GRE, then encrypts with IPsec, enabling support for multicast and non-IP traffic.

❌A. WLAN (Incorrect Choice)→ WLAN is awireless technology, not a tunneling protocol.

❌C. MPLS (Incorrect Choice)→ MPLS is acore network transporttechnology but is not used to establish SD-WAN data channels directly.

Why are Answers B and D Correct?

✅Huawei SD-WAN primarily uses IPsec for data encryption.

✅GRE over IPsec is used when supporting multicast or dynamic routing protocols over tunnels.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – SD-WAN Tunneling Mechanisms

TheTime-To-Live (TTL) fieldin MPLS is essential forpreventing infinite loopsandenhancing security.

MPLS TTL Field Functionality:

It prevents packets fromcirculating indefinitelyin the MPLS network.

It allowstraceroute (tracert) to identify MPLS hopswhen TTL propagation is enabled.

Explanation of Correct Answers:✅B. The processing of IP TTL copy hides the LSR in an MPLS domain, improving security.

IfTTL propagation is disabled, MPLS routers do not decrease TTL, hidinginternal LSRsfrom traceroute, enhancing security.

✅C. MPLS provides two TTL processing modes:

Default Mode:The MPLS TTLcopies the IP TTL valuewhen an IP packet enters the MPLS network.

Uniform Mode:The ingress LERsets the MPLS TTL to 255, so it does not decrement.

✅D. MPLS encapsulation in frame mode supports the TTL field, while cell mode does not.

Frame Mode (Ethernet, PPP, etc.) supports TTL.

Cell Mode (ATM/MPLS) does not support TTL.

Incorrect Answer Explanation:❌A. If TTL copy is disabled, users can use the tracert function to view MPLS hops.

Wrong!If TTL propagation is disabled, tracertcannotsee LSRs inside the MPLS core network.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei MPLS Technology Guide – TTL Field & Loop Prevention

HCIE-Datacom MPLS VPN Configuration Guide – Traceroute in MPLS Networks

InMPLS VPN, packets are forwarded usingtwo labels:

Outer label (Transport Label)– Used by the MPLS backbone for forwarding.

Inner label (VPN Label)– Used by theegress PEto identify the correct VPN instance.

Explanation of Correct Options:

✅A. The egress PE sends the data packet to the correct VPN based on the inner label.

Theinner label is assigned by the egress PEand determines the final destination VPN instance.

✅B. The penultimate hop removes the outer label before forwarding the data packet to a peer egress PE.

Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP)occurs when thesecond-to-last router(P router) removes the outer MPLS label before forwarding to theegress PE.

This reduces theprocessing overheadon the egress PE.

✅D. The penultimate-hop device receives a packet with an outer label.

Theouter label is used to forward the packet across the MPLS backbone.

Before reaching the egress PE, thepenultimate router still has the outer labeland processes it.

Incorrect Option:

❌C. The IP data packet received by the egress LSR is without labels.

This isincorrectbecause theinner label (VPN label) is still presentwhen the packet reaches the egress PE.

Only theouter labelis removed by PHP, not the inner VPN label.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei MPLS VPN Configuration Guide – Label Processing

HCIE-Datacom MPLS Traffic Engineering and PHP Mechanism

Huawei iMaster NCE-Campus MPLS VPN Implementation Guide

In Huawei iMaster NCE-WAN controller active/standby deployment, to ensure seamless switchover and uninterrupted management and control channel communication, the following IPs must be configured consistently:

A. Southbound public IP addresses — Required for southbound communication from remote WAN devices via public networks.

C. Southbound private IP addresses — Used for devices accessing controllers over private links. Must remain unchanged between controllers.

D. Northbound IP addresses — For API and external system integration, ensuring upper-layer platforms don't need reconfiguration during switchover.

Internal interconnection addresses (B) are used for internal HA communication between controllers and do not need to be identical, hence not selected.

Exact Extract - Huawei HCIE-Datacom iMaster NCE-WAN Deployment Guide:

“To maintain service continuity, configure consistent southbound and northbound IP addresses across active and standby controllers. Internal interconnection addresses differ between nodes.”

Understanding HTTP Security Risks

????What is HTTP?

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a protocol used for communication betweenweb clients (browsers) and servers.

It is unencrypted, making it vulnerable to security threats.

Potential Risks in HTTP Communication:

✅A. Eavesdropping (Data Interception)

Correct:HTTP traffic isunencrypted, meaning attackers cancapture datausing tools likeWireshark or MITM (Man-in-the-Middle) attacks.

Example:Hackers intercept login credentials over public Wi-Fi.

✅B. Pretending (Impersonation / Spoofing)

Correct:Without encryption or authentication,attackers can spoof legitimate websites.

Example:A phishing website mimics a banking login page to steal user credentials.

✅C. Tampering (Data Manipulation)

Correct:Attackers canmodify HTTP data in transit, changing the content sent to users.

Example:Injecting malicious scripts into a webpage (e.g., Cross-Site Scripting - XSS).

❌D. Lost (Low Probability of Data Loss)

Incorrect:HTTP runs overTCP, which ensuresreliable data transmission.

Packet loss is not a major security riskbut rather anetwork performance issue.

How to Mitigate HTTP Risks?

Use HTTPS (HTTP Secure)→ Encrypts data usingTLS (Transport Layer Security).

Enable HSTS (HTTP Strict Transport Security)→ Forces HTTPS connections.

Implement Web Application Firewalls (WAFs)→ Protects against attacks likeSQL Injection & XSS.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – Network Security Risks in HTTP Communication

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

✔SRv6 Locator and Segment Structure:

TheSRv6 Locatoris2001:DB8:ABCD::/64→ This defines the segment routing namespace for this node.✅

Dynamic Segment (SID)=32 bits→ Defined dynamically per segment.✅

Args Field=32 bits→ Used for function arguments.✅

❌(B) Incorrect→Static segments are NOT explicitly defined as 32-bit fieldsin Huawei SRv6.

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – SRv6 Locator and SID Structure

Static information collection and analysisrefers to gatheringnon-changing (static) parametersof the network devices. These parameters are mostlyconfiguration-relatedand do not fluctuate dynamically.

Explanation of Correct Options:

✅A. Device types

Includes information about thehardware platform, model, and series of the device.

Example:Huawei NE40E, CE12800, or AR routers.

✅C. License

Licenses define feature capabilities, such as MPLS, BGP, or security functions.

Licenses arestatic parametersbecause they do not change unless manually updated.

Incorrect Options:

❌B. Interface types

Interface types (GigabitEthernet, FastEthernet, Serial, etc.)can changedepending on hardware or software configurations.

They arenot staticbecause interfaces can beadded or removed dynamically.

❌D. Packet loss rate

Packet loss rate is a dynamic parameter, as it varies depending on network conditions, congestion, or faults.

It is used inperformance monitoringrather than static data collection.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei Network Management Best Practices – Static & Dynamic Data Collection

HCIE-Datacom Guide – Network Monitoring and Analysis

Huawei NCE-Campus Network Health Check Manual

BGP EVPN in VXLAN Tunneling

✅A. MP_REACH_NLRI is used to carry routing information.

MP_REACH_NLRI (Multiprotocol Reachable Network Layer Reachability Information)is used inBGP updatesto carryVXLAN reachability information.

✅B. Several BGP EVPN routes are defined through BGP extension.

BGP EVPN introduces multiple route types, such asType 2 (MAC/IP Advertisement), Type 3 (Inclusive Multicast), and Type 5 (IP Prefix Advertisement).

✅D. MP_REACH_NLRI is used to carry the RT.

RT (Route Target) defines route import/export policies in VPN environments.

MP_REACH_NLRI carries the RT attributein BGP EVPN updates.

❌Incorrect Answer:

❌C. MP_REACH_NLRI is used to carry the RD.

Wrong!TheRoute Distinguisher (RD)is carriedinside BGP attributes, but not in MP_REACH_NLRI.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei VXLAN BGP EVPN Configuration Guide – BGP EVPN Route Types

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – VXLAN Dynamic Tunnel Establishment

Understanding the Command Components:

This is aHuawei CLI commandused fordiagnosing connectivitywithin aVPN instancein an MPLS network.

ping -aX→ Specifies thesource IP address(X) of the ping packets.

-cY→ Specifies thenumber of ICMP Echo Request packetsto send (Y).

-sZ→ Defines thesize (in bytes) of each ICMP Echo Requestpacket (Z).

-vpn-instance M→ Specifies theVPN instance (VRF) Mto which the ping packets belong.

Why are all options correct?

✅A. The source IP address of the ping packets is X.

The -aX optionforces the ping to originate from IP Xinstead of the default interface IP.

✅B. The ping packets belong to VPN instance M.

The -vpn-instance M optionensures the ping is sent within VPN instance M, allowing verification ofMPLS L3VPN routing.

✅C. During the ping operation, the quantity of ICMP Request packets is Y.

The -cY parameter sets thenumber of ICMP Echo Requeststo be sent, making Y the total count.

✅D. The size of each ICMP Request packet for the ping operation is Z bytes.

The -sZ parameterdefines packet size, helping to testMTU (Maximum Transmission Unit)issues.

Real-World Application:

Verifying MPLS VPN connectivity:Ensure customer networks are reachable withinseparate VRFs.

Testing MTU & fragmentation:Using -sZ, operators can check ifpacket fragmentationoccurs.

Debugging asymmetric routing issues:By forcing -aX, engineers can trace return paths.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Official Guide – MPLS VPN Troubleshooting & Ping Options

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

✔SRv6 (Segment Routing over IPv6) Flavorsprovide additionalprocessing behaviorsfor SRv6End instructions.

✔PSP (Penultimate Segment Popping) Flavor:

PSP enables the penultimate node to remove the SRH (Segment Routing Header)before forwarding the packet to the last segment.

This reduces the processing overheadon the final segment node.

✔Correct End Instructions for PSP:

✅(A) End.X→ Cross-connect behavior between segments.

✅(C) End.T→ Transport encapsulation in SRv6.

✅(D) End→ Basic SRv6 endpoint behavior.

❌(B) End.BM is incorrect→ This is used forBinding Segment (BSID)behavior and does not support PSP.

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – SRv6 Flavors and End Instructions

Understanding VXLAN and NVE Interfaces

VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN)allows forLayer 2 network extensionoverLayer 3 infrastructure.

????Key VXLAN Components:

NVE (Network Virtualization Edge) Interface→ VXLAN tunnels are created usingone or more NVE interfaces.

BD (Bridge Domain)→ Logical grouping of VXLAN traffic.

VNI (VXLAN Network Identifier)→ 24-bit unique ID for traffic segmentation.

????Analysis of Each Option:

✅A. One NVE interface can be used for multiple VXLAN tunnels if ingress replication is used.

Correct:VXLAN tunnels can be dynamically learned usingBGP EVPN, meaning multiple tunnels can use the sameNVE interface.

✅B. An NVE interface can be associated with multiple VNIs, allowing multiple BDs on one NVE.

Correct:Each NVE interface can carrymultiple VNIs, reducing the need for separate interfaces.

❌C. One NVE interface must be created per VXLAN tunnel.

Incorrect:Multiple VXLAN tunnelscan share a single NVE interface.

❌D. One NVE must be created for each BD.

Incorrect:One NVE can support multiple BDs.

????Real-World Application:

Cloud Data Centers:VXLAN enablesmulti-tenant network segmentation.

Campus Networks:SimplifiesLayer 2/Layer 3 connectivityacross sites.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – VXLAN and NVE Configuration

Telemetry Data Collection in Huawei Devices

Telemetry allowsreal-time streaming of network performance databased on predefinedsampling paths. Supported sampling paths include:

✅A. Interface statistics

Monitors real-time traffic usage, errors, and packet loss on interfaces.

✅C. CPU information

Tracks CPU utilization and performance metrics.

✅D. Memory information

Monitors RAM usage and system memory consumption.

Incorrect Answer:

❌B. Information about the optical module on an interface

Telemetry does not natively support direct optical module monitoring; instead, SNMP or CLI commands like display transceiver are used.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei Telemetry Configuration Guide – Supported Sampling Paths

HCIE-Datacom Study Material – Network Performance Monitoring with Telemetry

When Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is not enabled on a network, loops can occur in Layer 2 Ethernet networks, leading to various network issues. STP is designed to prevent loops by blocking redundant paths, and its absence can cause broadcast storms, MAC address table instability, and resource exhaustion. Let’s analyze each option in the context of Huawei HCIE Datacom documentation and network behavior:

A. A loop alarm is generated on the LAN switch.

This option is incorrect. Huawei switches, as per HCIE Datacom standards, do not automatically generate a specific "loop alarm" unless configured with loop detection features (e.g., Huawei’s Loop Detection Protocol or similar mechanisms). Without STP or loop detection enabled, the switch may not explicitly generate an alarm for a loop; instead, it will exhibit symptoms like broadcast storms or flapping MAC entries. Therefore, this is not a direct symptom of an STP-less loop. Reference: Huawei HCIE Datacom V3.0 Training Materials, Section 4.2 – Spanning Tree Protocol and Loop Prevention.

B. CPU usage is too high.

This option is correct. When a loop occurs without STP, broadcast packets (and sometimes multicast or unknown unicast packets) circulate endlessly in the network. This leads to excessive processing by switches as they handle these packets, resulting in high CPU usage. Huawei switches, as described in HCIE Datacom documentation, can experience CPU overload due to continuous packet forwarding and processing in a looped environment. Reference: Huawei HCIE Datacom V3.0, Chapter 5 – Switch Performance and Loop Management.

C. MAC entries flap.

This option is correct. In a loop without STP, switches continuously receive frames from multiple ports, causing MAC address tables to update repeatedly as the same MAC address appears on different ports. This "flapping" of MAC entries destabilizes the network and can lead to incorrect frame forwarding. Huawei HCIE Datacom emphasizes MAC address table stability as a critical aspect affected by loops, as outlined in Section 4.3 – Ethernet Switching and Loop Mitigation. Reference: Huawei HCIE Datacom V3.0, Section 4.3.

D. Host receives a large number of broadcast packets.

This option is correct. A loop without STP causes broadcast packets to circulate indefinitely, creating a broadcast storm. Hosts connected to the network will receive an overwhelming number of these packets, potentially leading to performance degradation or even network timeouts. This is a well-documented symptom in Huawei HCIE Datacom training, specifically in discussions about loop prevention mechanisms. Reference: Huawei HCIE Datacom V3.0, Chapter 4 – Layer 2 Loop Prevention.

Thus, the correct symptoms of a loop occurring due to the absence of STP include high CPU usage, flapping MAC entries, and hosts receiving a large number of broadcast packets. Option A is incorrect as it requires specific loop detection configuration, which is not implied in the question.

Understanding EVPN (Ethernet VPN) Label Allocation and ARP Handling

????What Happens in This Scenario?

1️⃣CE1 (192.168.1.1) sends an ARP request to discover the MAC address of CE2 (192.168.1.2).

2️⃣PE1 receives the ARP request and needs to forward it over the EVPN fabric.

3️⃣To send the broadcast ARP request across the EVPN network, PE1 forwards the packet to PE4 using BUM (Broadcast, Unknown unicast, and Multicast) forwarding.

4️⃣PE4, as the Designated Forwarder (DF), forwards the ARP request to CE2.

Role of Labels in EVPN VXLAN/MPLS Networks

????EVPN uses BGP to distribute MAC/IP reachability information using different route types.

✅EVPN Type 2 Route (MAC/IP Advertisement Route):

Used forMAC-to-IP address mappingannouncements.

Ensuresremote VTEPs (PE routers) learn MAC-to-IP bindingsdynamically.

✅EVPN Type 3 Route (Inclusive Multicast Route):

Used forBUM traffic (Broadcast, Unknown Unicast, Multicast).

Assigns a multicast label (e.g., 201) to be used for forwarding broadcast packets like ARP requests.

????In this case:

Thelabel 201is used forBUM traffic forwarding.

BUM traffic is handled using an EVPN Type 3 route.

Why is the Answer 3?

✅EVPN Type 3 routes carry labels for BUM traffic, which includes ARP requests.

✅Label 201 is used for multicast distribution, which is managed by Type 3 routes.

Real-World Application:

VXLAN Data Centers:UsesEVPN Type 3 routes to control BUM traffic efficiently.

Campus Networks:Preventsunnecessary flooding of ARP requests across VXLAN domains.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – EVPN BGP Route Types and Multicast Labeling

Error analysis:

The error SSLError and CertificateError indicates the server's SSL certificate'shostname doesn't match the IP addressbeing used in the request.

This happens when acertificate is issued for a domain (like devzone.huawei.com), but the client accesses it via an IP address (139.9.213.72), causing atrust failure.

Correct statements:

A—✅: The client doesn't trust the SSL certificate → correct.

B—✅: SSL verification fails due to hostname mismatch.

C—✅: Disabling verification with verify=False bypasses the check (only recommended in lab/testing environments).

D—❌: Uses http instead of https, which changes protocol and defeats the purpose of SSL. Also uses POST without API path.

Correct answers: A, B, C

To automatically enable MPLS on an interface inSR-MPLS:

Segment routing must be enabled globallyin thesystem view→✅

Segment routing must also be enabled under the IGP process, andIGP (OSPF or IS-IS) must be enabled on the interface→✅

Clarifications:

SRGB (Segment Routing Global Block)configuration defines SID ranges butdoes not trigger MPLS enablement→❌

Static adjacency labelsare advanced options and do not auto-enable MPLS →❌

Correct answers: B, D

Understanding 802.1X Authentication in Enterprise Networks

????What is 802.1X?

802.1X is a network access control (NAC) protocol that enforces authentication before allowing a device to connect to a LAN.

It usesEAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol)overRADIUSfor user verification.

Typically deployed incorporate and campus networksforsecure wired and wireless access.

????How Does 802.1X Work?

1️⃣Client (Supplicant) → Requests network access.

2️⃣Switch (Authenticator) → Forwards request to RADIUS server.

3️⃣RADIUS Server → Verifies credentials & grants access.

Mandatory Steps to Enable 802.1X on SW3

✅A. Configure an AAA Scheme

Defines authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) methods.

Links802.1X authentication to the RADIUS server.

✅B. Configure an Authentication Profile

Specifies how authentication is handled on the switch.

Associates802.1X authentication with an AAA scheme.

✅C. Configure an Authentication Domain

Groups authentication policies for different user types.

MapsAAA scheme to user login requests.

✅D. Configure an 802.1X Access Profile

Applies 802.1X authentication to specific switch ports (GE0/0/2 & GE0/0/3).

Ensures thatonly authenticated users can pass traffic.

Why Are All Four Steps Necessary?

✅Each step plays a critical role in enabling 802.1X authentication and linking it to the RADIUS server.

✅Without any one of these configurations, the 802.1X authentication process would fail.

Real-World Application:

Enterprise Wired Security:Ensures thatonly authenticated devicesaccess corporate networks.

University Campuses & Public Wi-Fi:Prevents unauthorized access tosecure LAN environments.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – 802.1X Authentication & RADIUS Server Configuration

InOSPFv3,Link-LSA (Type 8)is generated by a routerfor each of its interfacesto advertise:

Therouter's link-local addresson that interface.

TheIPv6 prefixesassociated with the interface.

Flags and options, such as router priority or loopback indicators.

From the output:

Link-LSA (Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0)

Originating Router: 10.1.2.2

Link-Local Address: FE80::2E0:FCFF:FECD:4F79

Prefix: 2001:DB8:2345:23::/64

A. The link-local address of R2’s GE0/0/0 is FE80::2E0:FCFF:FECD:4F79→ This matches the Link-Local Address field in the LSA.✅

B. The IPv6 address prefix of R2’s GE0/0/0 is 2001:DB8:2345:23::/64→ This matches the Prefix field in the LSA.✅

C. This LSA indicates that R2 does not support external routes but can participate in IPv6 route calculation→❌Incorrect.

TheLink-LSAdoesnot provide any indicationabout external route capabilities.

It simply advertisesinterface-specific IPv6 and link-local info.

Whether R2 supports external routes depends onType 5 (External) or Type 7 (NSSA) LSAs, not Link-LSAs.

D. This LSA is generated by R2→ The Originating Router: 10.1.2.2 is R2’s router ID, so this LSA is definitely generated by R2.✅

Correct Answers:A, B, D

The Link-LSA in OSPFv3 contains:

The link-local address used by the originating router on the link.

A list of all IPv6 prefixes associated with the link.

Flags such as router priority and the Router-LSA options.

These LSAs are alwaysgenerated by the router itselfand arenot flooded beyond the link.

Analyzing the Routing Table Output:

The command display ipv6 routing-table protocol isis showsall IPv6 routes learned via IS-IS.

The output shows"Summary Count: 6", meaning R1 hassix IS-IS IPv6 routes.

Explanation of Correct Answers:✅A. R1 has six IS-IS IPv6 routes.

The "Summary Count: 6" confirms thatsix IS-IS IPv6 routes existin R1's routing table.

✅C. IS-IS IPv6 must have been enabled on GigabitEthernet0/0/1 of R1.

Theinterface GigabitEthernet0/0/1is listed as thenext-hop, meaning IS-IS IPv6 must beenabled on that interface.

✅D. R1 is not a Level-1 device.

The protocol is listed as"ISIS-L2", indicating that R1 is anIS-IS Level-2 (backbone) router,not a Level-1 router.

Incorrect Answer Explanation:❌B. R1 does not have IS-IS IPv6 routes.

Wrong!The output clearlyshows six IS-IS IPv6 routes, proving this statement false.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei IPv6 Routing Protocols Guide – IS-IS for IPv6

HCIE-Datacom Routing & Switching Training – IS-IS L1 & L2 Operations

Huawei IS-IS Configuration Guide – IPv6 Route Management

Understanding L3VPNv4 Over SRv6 BE

????What is L3VPNv4?

L3VPNv4 (Layer 3 VPN over IPv4) allowsMPLS-based VPN servicesover anSRv6 backbone.

UsesMP-BGP (Multiprotocol BGP)to distribute VPN routes.

????Why is an RR (Route Reflector) Needed?

AnRR simplifies BGP route exchangebetween multiple PEs (Provider Edge routers).

Without proper configuration, RRs may filter VPNv4 routes, preventing PEs from learning routes correctly.

Why is the Command peer retain-route-target all Needed?

✅Ensures that the RR retains all VPNv4 routes.

✅Prevents the RR from filtering route targets (RTs), allowing full VPN reachability.

✅Without this command, the RR might not reflect all VPNv4 routes, causing connectivity issues.

Real-World Application:

Enterprise MPLS VPNs:Ensurescorrect BGP route reflection in an SRv6-based L3VPN.

Carrier Networks:Helpsservice providers maintain full BGP VPN route distribution.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – BGP Route Reflectors in L3VPN over SRv6

GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) has the following benefits:

B. VPN Construction — GRE is often used to build site-to-site VPNs.

C. ARP Encapsulation — GRE supports Layer 2 protocol encapsulation such as ARP.

D. Multicast Support — GRE tunnels can encapsulate multicast packets, unlike traditional IPsec.

A. Enlarging the hop limit is incorrect — GRE does not inherently change TTL or hop behavior; routing protocols still use standard IP processing.

Exact Extract - Huawei HCIE-Datacom Tunneling Chapter:

“GRE can encapsulate multicast and broadcast packets and supports L2 protocols like ARP. It is often used for VPN construction over the internet.”

TheDifferentiated Services (DiffServ) modelforQuality of Service (QoS)enables traffic management based on predefined priorities. This involvesclassifying, policing, queuing, and scheduling trafficto ensure efficient network resource utilization.

Breakdown of Each QoS Processing Step:

✅Step 1: Traffic Classification and Marking

Purpose:Identifies and marks packets based onQoS attributessuch asDSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point) or 802.1p priority bits.

Function:Assigns aQoS labelto packets for further processing.

Example:Packets carryingvoice traffic (EF - Expedited Forwarding)are marked forhigh-prioritytreatment.

✅Step 2: Traffic Policing (CAR - Committed Access Rate)

Purpose:Enforcesbandwidth limitson specific traffic flows to prevent excessive usage.

Function:Drops or re-marks packetsexceeding the assigned bandwidth threshold.

Example:If avideo stream exceeds 10 Mbps, excess packets may bedropped or re-marked.

✅Step 3: Congestion Management (Queuing and Scheduling)

Purpose:Managestraffic flow through queuesbased on assigned QoS levels.

Function:Places packets in appropriatepriority queues (e.g., Strict Priority, Weighted Fair Queuing - WFQ, CBWFQ).

Example:Voice packets are assigned tohigh-priority queuesforlow-latency forwarding.

✅Step 4: Congestion Avoidance

Purpose:Prevents networkbuffer overflows and excessive packet drops.

Function:Uses mechanisms likeWRED (Weighted Random Early Detection)to drop lower-priority packets before congestion occurs.

Example:If a queuereaches 80% capacity, WRED may droplow-priority packetsto maintain QoS.

✅Step 5: Traffic Shaping

Purpose:Smooths out traffic burststo maintain a consistenttransmission rate.

Function:Buffers and delays packetsto prevent excessive packet drops.

Example:Ifoutgoing traffic exceeds 50 Mbps, shaping ensures itdoes not exceedthis limit while maintaining steady flow.

VXLAN tunnel configuration, you donot use a control planelike BGP EVPN. Instead, youmanually configureall necessary forwarding parameters, including:VNI (VXLAN Network Identifier): Identifies the VXLAN segment.VTEP IP Address: The remote tunnel endpoint.Ingress Replication List: Required for multicast emulation (flooding/BUM traffic) in the absence of a multicast control plane.Whenconfiguring statically, theVNIis essential to map Layer 2/3 services to the correct VXLAN segment.Thus, the correct word to complete the sentence is:VNICorrect answer: VNI

Understanding HTTP/1.1 Response Structure

????What is an HTTP Response?

The response issent from the server to the client after processing an HTTP request.

The structure follows astandardized format:

Elements of an HTTP/1.1 Response:

✅A. Status Line→ Containsprotocol version, status code, and reason phrase.

✅B. Response Body→ ContainsHTML, JSON, XML, or other content.

✅C. Response Header→ Providesmetadata about the response(e.g., Content-Type, Server).

✅D. Empty Line→ Ablank line separates headers from the response body.

Example of an HTTP/1.1 Response:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Date: Sat, 08 Mar 2025 14:00:00 GMT

Server: Apache/2.4.41 (Ubuntu)

Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8

Welcome to Huawei Datacom

Why is the Answer A, B, C, D?

✅An HTTP response includes a status line, headers, an empty line, and a response body.

Real-World Application:

Web Application Debugging:Helps developersanalyze server responses.

API Security:Validatesresponse headers to prevent injection attacks.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – HTTP Protocol and Response Headers

Understanding BGP EVPN Route Types for VXLAN

????BGP EVPN (Ethernet VPN) is used for VXLAN control-plane learning.

✅EVPN Type 2 Route (MAC/IP Advertisement)

Carries:MAC + Host IP

Used for:L2 forwarding, Host Mobility

✅EVPN Type 5 Route (IP Prefix Advertisement)

Carries:Network segment (Subnet) + Prefix

Used for:VXLAN L3 routing

????What Do the Given Route Entries Show?

0:172.16.2.0/24

0:172.16.13.0/24

0:192.168.122.0/30

????These are IPv4 Subnets, NOT individual MACs.

????Since they carry IP Prefixes, they belong to EVPN Type 5.

Analysis of the Answer Choices:

✅A. These routes are Type 5 routes and carry network segment or mask information.

Correct:The displayed routescarry network prefixes, which belong toEVPN Type 5.

❌B. These routes are Type 2 routes and carry host IP addresses.

Incorrect:Type 2 routescarry MAC + Host IP, NOT full subnets.

❌C. These routes carry the L2VNI.

Incorrect:L2VNI is forLayer 2 VXLAN bridging, but these areIP Prefix Routes (L3 routing).

✅D. These routes carry the L3VNI.

Correct:Type 5 routes are used forVXLAN L3 routing, which means they belong toL3VNI.

Real-World Application:

VXLAN L3 Gateways:Type 5 routes enabledistributed routing between VXLAN segments.

Data Center Networks:Used tointerconnect virtual machines (VMs) across different subnets.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – BGP EVPN & VXLAN L3 Routing

Understanding NETCONF Operation Attributes

????What is NETCONF?

NETCONF (Network Configuration Protocol)is anIETF-standardized protocolfor network automation.

Uses XML-based configuration transactions with operations.

????Common NETCONF Operation Attributes:

✅A. create→ Adds new data but fails if it already exists.

✅B. delete→ Removes the specified data from the configuration datastore.

✅C. merge→ Updates existing data or creates it if it does not exist.

❌D. remove (Incorrect Choice)

NETCONF does not support remove as an operation.

delete is the correct operation for removing data.

Why is the Answer A, B, C?

✅NETCONF supports create, delete, and merge, but NOT remove.

Real-World Application:

SDN Controllers & Network Automation:Uses NETCONF to configure devices dynamically.

Huawei iMaster NCE-WAN:Automatesdevice onboarding and template-based configurations.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – NETCONF Protocol and Configuration Operations