A risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on one or more project objectives. To ensure that risks are appropriately recorded, they should be documented in a consistent and structured way, such as using a RAID log (Risks, Assumptions, Issues and Dependencies). A RAID log should include information such as the risk description, impact, probability, source, owner, mitigation actions, status and date. Therefore, options B and C are essential for recording risks, as they help to identify where the risk originates from and who is responsible for managing it. Option A is not relevant to recording risks, as it is the name of the tool used to document them. Option D and E are not relevant to recording risks, as they relate to the countermeasures or actions taken to address them, not the risks themselves.

A stakeholder is any person or group who has an interest in or influence over an organisation or project. Stakeholders can be classified into different categories based on their relationship with the organisation or project. One possible classification is the stakeholder wheel, which identifies six generic stakeholder categories: owner, partner, supplier, customer, regulator and competitor. Therefore, options A, B and C are correct answers, as they represent three stakeholder groups that are involved in the scenario. Owner refers to the person or group who owns or controls the organisation or project. In this case, it is the two people who each own 50% of AlpineTrails. Partner refers to the person or group who collaborates or cooperates with the organisation or project to achieve mutual benefits. In this case, it is WalkNation, who has agreed to work with AlpineTrails to provide special holidays for its members. Supplier refers to the person or group who provides goods or services to the organisation or project. In this case, it is the hotels, transport and equipment providers that AlpineTrails books for its customers. Option D is not a correct answer, as manager is not one of the generic stakeholder categories defined in the stakeholder wheel. Manager refers to the person or group who oversees or coordinates the activities of the organisation or project. In this case, it could be either one of the owners of AlpineTrails or someone appointed by them. Option E is not a correct answer, as competitor is not represented in this scenario. Competitor refers to the person or group who offers similar or alternative goods or services to the same market as the organisation or project. In this case, it could be another company that specialises in offering tailored walking holidays.

Divergent thinking and convergent thinking are two types of thinking processes that can be used to solve problems creatively and effectively. Therefore, options A and B are correct answers, as they describe the purpose of both divergent and convergent thinking respectively. Option A describes the purpose of divergent thinking, which is to generate ideas. Divergent thinking involves exploring multiple possible solutions to a problem without judging or evaluating them. It helps to stimulate creativity and innovation by expanding the range and diversity of ideas. Option B describes the purpose of convergent thinking, which is to review ideas for way forward. Convergent thinking involves analysing and evaluating multiple possible solutions to a problem and selecting the best one for further development and implementation. It helps to ensure feasibility and suitability by narrowing down the range and diversity of ideas. Option C describes an aspect of divergent thinking, which is creatively considering multiple solutions to the problem, but not its purpose. The purpose of divergent thinking is to generate ideas, not just consider them creatively. Option D describes an aspect of convergent thinking, which is defining the solution in detail, but not its purpose. The purpose of convergent thinking is to review ideas for way forward, not just define them in detail. Option E describes an aspect of convergent thinking, which is defining the action to be taken, broadly, but not its purpose. The purpose of convergent thinking is to review ideas for way forward, not just define the action to be taken, broadly.

An organisation chart is a diagram that shows the structure and relationships of an organisation. It helps to identify who are the members, roles, levels and units of an organisation and how they are connected or related. Therefore, options A and B are correct answers, as they are the information that Sara is likely to have learnt about the sponsor from the organisation chart. Option A is a correct answer, as their position in the company hierarchy is the information that Sara is likely to have learnt about the sponsor from the organisation chart. Their position in the company hierarchy is the level or rank of the sponsor within the organisation’s structure. It helps to indicate their authority, status and influence within the organisation. Option B is a correct answer, as their span of control is the information that Sara is likely to have learnt about the sponsor from the organisation chart. Their span of control is the number of people or units that report directly to the sponsor within the organisation’s structure. It helps to indicate their responsibility, workload and management style within the organisation. Option C is not a correct answer, as their culture within their team is not the information that Sara is likely to have learnt about the sponsor from the organisation chart. Their culture within their team is the shared values, beliefs, norms and behaviours of the sponsor and their team members within the organisation. It helps to indicate their motivation, satisfaction and performance within the organisation. Option D is not a correct answer, as their scope of responsibilities is not the information that Sara is likely to have learnt about the sponsor from the organisation chart. Their scope of responsibilities is the range or extent of tasks or activities that the sponsor has to perform or oversee within the organisation. It helps to indicate their objectives, outcomes and deliverables within the organisation. Option E is not a correct answer, as their preferred management style is not the information that Sara is likely to have learnt about the sponsor from the organisation chart. Their preferred management style is the way or approach that the sponsor uses to lead or direct their team members within the organisation. It helps to indicate their communication, delegation and feedback skills within the organisation.

POPIT is a technique for taking a holistic view when investigating a business situation or problem. It helps to ensure that all aspects and dimensions of a business situation or problem are considered and addressed. POPIT consists of four elements: People, Processes, Organisation and Information and technology. Therefore, options C and D are correct answers, as they are the elements of POPIT that consider these issues respectively. Option C considers issue 1: The suggested changes to the business structure will affect our relationships with suppliers. Organisation is the element that describes how an organisation is structured and governed internally and externally. It helps to identify who are involved in decision making and authority within an organisation and how an organisation relates to its stakeholders outside its boundaries. Issue 1 relates to organisation, as it involves changes to the business structure that will affect how the organisation interacts with its suppliers, who are external stakeholders. Option D considers issue 2: The proposed electronic data sharing with our suppliers will raise legal accessibility issues. Information and technology is the element that describes how information and data are created, stored, accessed, used and communicated within an organisation using technology systems and tools. It helps to identify what information and data are needed and available for an organisation to perform its activities and processes effectively and efficiently using appropriate technology systems and tools. Issue 2 relates to information and technology, as it involves electronic data sharing with suppliers using technology systems that will raise legal accessibility issues regarding information security and privacy. Option A does not consider any issue in this scenario. People is the element that describes who are involved in performing or supporting the activities and processes within an organisation. It helps to identify what skills, knowledge, attitudes and behaviours are required and exhibited by people within an organisation to perform their roles and responsibilities effectively and efficiently. There is no issue in this scenario that relates to people. Option B does not consider any issue in this scenario. Processes is the element that describes what activities and tasks are performed within an organisation to achieve its objectives and outcomes. It helps to identify how activities and tasks are sequenced, coordinated, controlled and measured within an organisation to ensure quality and consistency. There is no issue in this scenario that relates to processes. Option E is not a valid element of POPIT. Procedures is not an element of POPIT, but a term that refers to the detailed steps or instructions for performing a specific activity or task within a process.

A key performance indicator (KPI) is a measurable value that demonstrates how effectively an organisation is achieving a key business objective or critical success factor (CSF). A KPI should be relevant, specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound (SMART). Therefore, options C, D and E are appropriate KPIs for the CSF ‘provide excellent customer service’, as they measure aspects of customer satisfaction and loyalty that are directly related to the quality of service provided by the hotel chain. Option A is not an appropriate KPI, as it does not measure customer service, but rather customer consumption. Option B is not an appropriate KPI, as it does not measure customer service, but rather customer preference.

A resource audit is a technique for identifying and evaluating the resources that an organisation has or needs to achieve its objectives. It helps to assess the availability and quality of an organisation’s resources, such as human, physical, financial and intangible resources. Therefore, options A, B and C are correct answers, as they should be included in the resource audit for Exquisite Analogue. They describe different types of resources that the organisation has and that contribute to its performance and potential. Option A describes a physical resource, which is a tangible asset that an organisation owns or uses, such as buildings, equipment or materials. Option B describes an intangible resource, which is a non-physical asset that an organisation owns or uses, such as intellectual property, brand or reputation. Option C describes a human resource, which is a person or group that an organisation employs or engages, such as staff, managers or customers. Option D is not a correct answer, as it should not be included in the resource audit for Exquisite Analogue. It describes a threat that affects the organisation externally, not a resource that the organisation has or needs internally. Option E is not a correct answer, as it should not be included in the resource audit for Exquisite Analogue. It describes a factor that affects the organisation externally, not a resource that the organisation has or needs internally.

A PESTLE analysis is a technique for identifying and evaluating the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors that affect an organisation or project. It helps to assess the opportunities and threats that arise from the external environment. Therefore, options A and B are correct answers, as they are categories of factors that can be included in a PESTLE analysis for a small manufacturing company. They describe different aspects of the external environment that influence the company’s situation and prospects. Option A describes a legal factor, which is a factor related to laws, regulations, standards or policies that govern an organisation or project. An example of a legal factor is an amendment to the Data Protection Act, which affects how information about employees’ payroll can be held by an organisation. Option B describes an economic factor, which is a factor related to money, markets, trade or resources that affect an organisation or project. An example of an economic factor is a change in electricity usage calculation by an electricity provider, which affects how much electricity costs for an organisation. Option C is not a correct answer, as political is not a factor that has been discovered in the investigation for the PESTLE analysis. A political factor is a factor related to government, politics, power or conflict that affect an organisation or project. Option D is not a correct answer, as technological is not a factor that has been discovered in the investigation for the PESTLE analysis. A technological factor is a factor related to science, innovation, invention or discovery that affect an organisation or project. Option E is not a correct answer, as environmental is not a factor that has been discovered in the investigation for the PESTLE analysis. An environmental factor is a factor related to nature, ecology, climate or geography that affect an organisation or project.

A Business Activity Model (BAM) is a technique for modelling business activities within an organisation or project at a high level of abstraction. It helps to understand what an organisation does, how it does it, who does it, where it does it and why it does it. Therefore, options A and D are correct answers, as they apply to a BAM. Option A applies to a BAM, as multiple BAMs could be created to reflect different perspectives of different stakeholder groups within or outside the organisation or project. A BAM is not a single or definitive representation of the business activities, but a subjective and contextual view that depends on the purpose and scope of the analysis. Option D applies to a BAM, as the activities are most likely to be shown in boxes in a BAM. A BAM is typically represented as a diagram that consists of boxes and arrows. The boxes represent the high level activities that the organisation performs or delivers, and the arrows represent the flow or sequence of the activities. Option B does not apply to a BAM, as the owner should not always choose the final BAM. The owner is one of the stakeholder groups that may have a perspective on the business activities, but not the only or ultimate one. The final BAM should be agreed by all relevant stakeholder groups based on their needs and expectations. Option C does not apply to a BAM, as normally a consensus BAM will not be produced. A consensus BAM is a BAM that reflects a common or shared perspective of all stakeholder groups within or outside the organisation or project. A consensus BAM is not realistic or desirable, as different stakeholder groups may have different or conflicting views on the business activities. Option E does not apply to a BAM, as dependencies between the activities are shown in a BAM. Dependencies between the activities are the relationships or connections that indicate how one activity affects or influences another activity. Dependencies between the activities are shown by the arrows in a BAM diagram.